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Titius-Bode Law: Pluto
| Pluto |
| Orbital characteristics |
| Mean radius |
5.91352*109 km |
| Eccentricity |
0.2482 |
| Revolution period |
248y
197d 5.5h |
| Synodic period |
366.7
days |
| Avg. Orbital Speed |
4.7
km/s |
| Inclination |
17.148° |
| Number of satellites |
1 |
| Physical characteristics |
| Equatorial diameter |
2320
km |
| Surface area |
17
million km2 |
| Mass |
1.290*1022 kg |
| Mean density |
2.05
g/cm3 |
| Surface gravity |
0.4
m/s2 |
| Rotation period |
6d 9h
17.6m |
| Axial tilt |
122.52° |
| Albedo |
0.30 |
| Escape Speed |
1.2
km/s |
| Surface temp. |
|
| Atmospheric characteristics |
| Atmospheric pressure |
0 - 0.01
kPa |
| Nitrogen |
90% |
| Methane |
10% |
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The ninth planet of the solar system,
discovered as a fifteenth magnitude object on 18 February 1930
from the Lowell Observatory by Clyde Tombaugh. Searches for a
planet beyond Neptune had started in 1905, stimulated by
apparent discrepancies between the calculated and observed
orbits of Uranus and Neptune. However, it is now known that
the mass of Pluto is less than one-fifth that of the Moon,
insufficient to have any gravitational effect on Uranus and
Neptune. Pluto's orbit is more highly inclined to the ecliptic
and more eccentric than that of any other planet. Its distance
from the Sun ranges between 30 and 50 AU. Perihelion occurred
in 1989 and, between 1979 and 1999, Pluto's orbit brings it
nearer the Sun than Neptune. The discovery of Pluto's
satellite, Charon, in 1978, made it possible to obtain
improved values for the planet's diameter and mass. The
diameter is 2,300 ± 40 kilometres. Pluto's overall density is
approximately twice that of water and it is thought likely to
consist of a thick layer of water ice overlying a core of
partially hydrated rock. Charon and Pluto are locked in
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synchronous rotation with a period of 6.39 days.
Pluto's rotation axis is inclined at 122° to the plane of the
ecliptic so that, like Uranus, it rotates in a retrograde sense,
"lying on its side". A rare series of mutual occultations and
transits took place between 1985 and 1990. Such events, as viewed
from Earth, take place only twice in the planet's 248-year orbital
period. They made it possible to distinguish the spectral signatures
of Pluto and Charon and to construct the first approximate albedo
maps of Pluto's surface. These confirmed previous suspicions of a
highly non-uniform and variable surface based on the change of
brightness over the rotational period, and in the longer term. In
contrast with Charon, which is grey, Pluto's surface is reddish in
colour. Methane ice was detected on Pluto in 1976 by infrared
spectroscopy. The occultation of a star by Pluto in 1988 revealed
the presence of an extended tenuous atmosphere. Nitrogen and carbon
monoxide ices were discovered on the surface in 1992. The surface
temperature is about 40 K. In 1996 observations with the Hubble
Space Telescope resolved broad light and dark features on Pluto's
surface for the first time.
The planet Pluto was originally discovered in 1930 in the
course of a search for a body sufficiently massive to account for
supposed anomalies in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. Once it was
found, its faintness and failure to show a visible disc cast doubt
on the idea that it could be Lowell's Planet X. In the following
decades estimates of Pluto's mass and diameter were the subject of
debate as telescopes and imaging systems improved. The consensus
steadily favoured smaller masses and diameters as time passed.
Indeed, one observer waggishly pointed out that if the trend were
extrapolated the planet seemed to be in danger of vanishing
altogether. In an attempt to reconcile Pluto's small apparent size
with its identification as Planet X, the theory of specular
reflection was proposed. This held that observers were measuring
only the diameter of a bright spot on the highly reflective surface
of a much larger planet which could thereby be massive without
having an exceptionally high density. The uncertainty was
conclusively resolved by the discovery of Pluto's satellite Charon
in 1978. This made it possible to determine the combined mass of the
Pluto-Charon system which turned out to be lower even than that
anticipated by skeptics of the specular reflection theory, which was
then rendered completely untenable. The accepted figure for Pluto's
diameter today makes it comparable in size with the Moon and less
massive on account of its being largely composed of ice. At the time
of Pluto's discovery it was the farthest object known in the solar
system and we can now recognise that its discovery was as much due
to luck as to the diligence of Tombough's search. While Pluto's
identification as Planet X was then doubted, it was nevertheless
identified as the solar system's ninth planet. In September of 1992
scientists began discovering hundreds of other, smaller, icy bodies
in the area of the solar system beyond the orbit of Neptune. These
objects are now deemed members of the Edgeworth-Kuiper belt. The
continued discovery of these objects began a debate that goes on to
this day: is Pluto a planet or simply the largest (known) example of
an Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt object? This planetary sciences debate
landed in newspaper headlines, editorials, and on the internet in
early 1999. Thoughts that Pluto might be "demoted" as a planet left
certain sectors of the public angry. Such news outlets as the BBC
News Online, the Boston Globe and USA Today all printed stories
noting that the International Astronomical Union was considering
dropping Pluto's planetary status. "Save Pluto" websites sprang up,
and school children sent letters to astronomers and the IAU. On
February 3, 1999 Brian Marsden of the Minor Planets Center
inadvertently fueled the debate when he issued an editorial in the
Minor Planets Electronic Circular 1999-C03 noting that the 10,000th
minor planet was about to be numbered and this called for a large
celebration (the IAU celebrates every thousands numbered minor
planet in some way). He suggested that Pluto be honored with the
number 10,000, giving it "dual citizenship" of sorts as both a major
and a minor planet. Between the media reports and the Minor Planets
Electronic Circular, IAU General Secretary Joannes Anderson issued a
press release that same day stating there were no plans to change
Pluto's planetary status. The debate continues, and recent
discoveries have made the position of Pluto as a major planet
perhaps even harder to sustain. On October 7, 2002 Mike Brown and
Chad Trajillo announced at a meeting of the American Astronomical
Society their discovery of Quaoar. This new object in the
Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt is 1280 km in diameter, making it a bit more
than half the size of Pluto. Quaoar is the largest object discovered
in the solar system since Pluto itself in 1930. Some astronomers
think it is only a matter of time before a Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt
object larger than Pluto is discovered. " The Pluto debate --
WikipediA (The Free Encyclopedia) "
The original Rasko Jovanovic`s formulation of the "
Titius-Bode Law " is now available. This formulation is that the
mean distance R(k) of the planet from the Sun is :
where k = 1-Mercury, 2- Venus, 3- Earth, 4- Mars, 5-
Planet V, 6- Jupiter, 7- Saturn, 8- Uranus, and 9 -
Pluto; AUN=9= 5913.52 * 106 km; M is 1
(Mercury, Venus and Earth), 2 (Mars, Planet V and Jupiter) and 3 (
Saturn, Uranus and Pluto). R(N=9)=9*bin(9) + 9 + 3
-(1/10)*[1+Ln(1+(1/10))] =1163.8905; N is the number of
the "Titius - Bode Law " version : we assume N=9 in version of
the planet-Pluto and the mean distance R(k) of the planet(k) from
the Sun is:
Here are the distances of planets calculated from this rule and
compared with real ones:
| Planet |
k |
bin(k) |
T-B rule distance*106
km |
Real distance*106
km |
| Mercury |
1 |
0 |
60.256 |
57.91 |
| Venus |
2 |
1 |
106.043 |
108.208 |
| Earth |
3 |
2 |
151.504 |
149.597 |
| Mars |
4 |
4 |
243.279 |
227.940 |
| Planet V |
5 |
8 |
426.203 |
- |
| Jupiter |
6 |
16 |
792.032 |
778.33 |
| Saturn |
7 |
32 |
1523.678 |
1429.4 |
| Uranus |
8 |
64 |
2986.96 |
2870.99 |
| Neptune |
9 |
96 |
4450.243 |
4504.3 |
| Pluto |
9 |
128 |
5913.52 |
5913.52 |
THE PROBABLE
LOCATION OF THE PLANET X The orbit of Pluto have some
unregularities, what induces some astronomers to belive in the
existence of a 10th planet of the Solar System. In accordance to the
Bode's Law, was working out a calculation for location the probable
position of the supposed 10th planet. R(10)={9*256+ 9 + 3
-(1/10)[1+(1+Ln(1/11)]}*(5913.52/1163.8905) *106 km
PLANET X The probable distance of the average orbit:
11766.63 * 106 km.
See, also
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